How Do They Compare?

10 % of the total token supply will be given to charities of the communities choosing.  1% will go to early supports.  9% will go to providing liquidity to exchanges and 80% will go to the public. 

​

To enable screen reader support, press Ctrl+Alt+Z To learn about keyboard shortcuts, press Ctrl+slashSUMMARYOUTLINEWhat is Cardano Gold $CARGO?Cardano Gold $CARGO is the 1st Store of Value on Cardano.$CARGO is a token on the Cardano blockchain with a very low total supply of only 10.000.000 tokens, decreasing due to token burning. Cardano Gold $CARGO, as a digital asset – cryptocurrency, is censorship-resistant and portable, making it more advanced than gold, silver, or fiat money.The demand for the decentralized digitalized store of value is increasing significantly. 10.000.000 $CARGO MintedUsing the 3% fixed $CARGO token burning schedule from the Treasury + BuyBack of the markets and Burning the Total Supply of the $CARGO in the future will decrease by 30% to 7.000.000 $CARGO tokens left in circulation.$CARGO burned by the fixed schedule: 60,000$CARGO bought back from the exchanges and burned: 5,568$CARGO BYou can buy $CARGO by clicking on the Cardano DEX image below or check out our buy Cardano Gold page.The 500 CardanoGoldGuardians NFTs minting is live!Each Cardano Gold UTILITY NFT ‘earns” 60 $CARGO for its holder every 4 months.We spread the first collection for free among our community, the $CARGO holders. This one is open to the public for minting.The First $CARGO rewards distribution for the NFT holders this year is on the 1st of April!MINT NOW!Store of Value coin principles Store of value cryptocurrencies are designed to hold and increase their price and purchasing power over long periods of time. Using the superior Cardano blockchain technology, innovative and already proven mechanisms $CARGO token is on a mission to become a respected store of value cryptocurrency in the years to come.The Cardano Gold $CARGO is not a stablecoin! We will create many inventive projects that will add value to the Cardano Gold ecosystem and our native asset, $CARGO. Cardano Gold Utility NFTsThe most valuable kind of NFTsThere is a huge untapped NFT market potential and space for innovative and creative projects to grow.We are already seeing a significant shift from the NFTs (non-fungible-tokens) being a way for fans to show an affinity for a brand and ownership over limited editions to the NFTs that bring holders/users their own in-world experiences, utility, and value.Cardano Gold Utility NFTs are adding a real market value to their cardano NFTs.Following the same principle of Cardano Gold $CARGO being a store of value, Cardano Gold Utility NFTs are also a store of value, maintaining the same, for its holders for the future.First two collections of the Cardano Gold Utility NFTs are earning 60 $CARGO for its holders every 4 months!cardano Gold TreasuryThe Strong Management ToolCardano Gold Treasury is the team’s management tool, providing us the maneuver and workspace, liquidity to lead the project to success.The project needs strong leadership, and the holders know the team stands firmly behind it. But at the same time, making a path to decentralization (and governance) entirely achievable in our case.Some of the Cardano Gold Treasury functions and options:= on-chain hedge fund – the Treasury invests and earns by accumulating a basket of crypto assets in partnerships with start-ups and other projects. We might share parts of it with the community and public probably through our Utility NFTs= invest in our projects that add value to the Cardano Gold Ecosystem and $CARGO itself that will govern it= employing the BuyBack and Burning of the $CARGO tokens$CARGO Token BurningCoin burning in crypto space is used to:1. Decrease the total supply of coins in circulation.2. Increase its scarcity, which often leads to an increase of the coin price.We recently had the third $CARGO burn (sending $CARGO to BURN address).Using the fixed schedule:– a total of 1% of the $CARGO tokens will be burned from the Cardano Gold Treasury in 2022.– a total of 2% of the $CARGO tokens will be burned from the Cardano Gold Treasury in 2023BuyBack & BurnCardano Gold will employ the BuyBack mechanism to buy $CARGO back from the exchanges and burn it RANDOMLY when needed to stabilize and create a price increase effect, which happens if the buy demands stay at the same level.In the years to come the initial fixed 3% token burn using the Treasury and the BuyBack and Burn of the markets will decrease the total supply of the $CARGO by 30% to 7.000.000 $CARGO tokens left in circulation.The token burn is performed by sending the $CARGO tokens to the burn or “eater” address nobody has access to anymore:CARGO stakingWe have the 15% of the minted $CARGO tokens allocated for the Staking purposes. The staking will be performed in all kinds of ways to enable $CARGO holders and participants to earn the passive income – rewards.We had the Cardano Gold $CARGO Month Of Passive Staking In March,Built On CardanoWhat do Cardano, Microsoft, and NASA have in common?They all use functional programming to build their most effective software.Cardano smart contract language is Plutus written in Haskell, the functional programming language far superior to other blockchains programming languages like Ethereum’s Solidity.governance The $CARGO holders will be able to make proposals for the changes in the ecosystem and the running operations and vote on them. $CARGO buyers and holders are our investors, which allows the progress of the Cardano Gold ecosystem.Since we had a fair launch with the first token distribution on the Cardano DEX without pre-sales, decentralization is entirely achievable in the Cardano Gold ecosystem.Our Goals Our goal is to create the strong Cardano Gold ecosystem and community by incorporating the innovative and already proven methods, building and taking all good opportunities in the now fast-moving and changing world of crypto to enable its value growth which will reflect on the price of the $CARGO of course.Like Bitcoin, but built on the Cardano, the third generation blockchain providing superior technology and security, $CARGO is not for the get-rich overnight speculators but for holders we have a desire to align our mindset with. The Bright Future Ahead Cardano Gold is not making compromises since its launch.For us team members, being part of the crypto space for a very long time, we have a huge number of ideas to implement into this project and lead it to success.Achieving it in crypto takes patience, hard work, cautious and smart moves to recognize the opportunities and avoid mistakes.Whether you are trading, researching it, investing, or leading a project that you will never give up on as everything we have done so far has led us to this point and all of you reading this paragraph.Medium Blog PostsCardano Gold Utility NFTs First Rewards distribution is on the 1st of April! Surprise! Cardano Gold $CARGO Passive Staking Rewards Distributed!Cardano Gold NFTs Second Collection Launch! Cardano Gold $CARGO Team “Exiting” Minswap — Removing Initial LiquidityThe 3rd CARGO Burn — 20,000 $CARGO Removed From SupplyCardano Gold $CARGO Month Of Passive Staking Has Begun!Cardano Gold $CARGO Whitepaper v2: Everything Laid Out!The 2nd $CARGO Burn — 20,000 CARGO Removed From SupplyCardano Gold $CARGO Listed On CoinMarketCap!Free Cardano NFTs For The Cardano Gold $CARGO Holders!Cardano Gold $CARGO Listed On SundaeSwap!Cardano Gold $CARGO Migration-Airdrop Done — Read (Video)Announcement on $CARGO token migration-swap!The 1st $CARGO Burn — 20,000 CARGO Removed From Supplyrdano Gold New Eve Rewards Have Been Distributed!Cardano Gold $CARGO Coin Burning Schedule in 2022New Eve Rewards for the early Carano Gold $CARGO Holders!Cardano Gold $CARGO for Hodlers (Golders)YouTube VideosHow To Use Nami Wallet On Mobile - Cardano DEXsHow To Restore Nami Wallet Account In CCVault Wallet (And Add Collateral)Cardano Gold $CARGO Token Migration (Airdrop) Completed!Cardano Gold Cool Intro Made By Community MemberRecent Website PostsBuy Cardano Gold $CARGO On The Exchanges & TutorialCardano Golders Leaderboard (All Wallets)Cardano Gold Community Program!RoadmapOct 2021Minting $CARGO tokens. Creating the website.Dec 2021First token distribution by listing on the exchange. Building social media presence. Establishing community. Working on new partnerships.Jul 2022New projects governed by the $CARGO token. $CARGO is listed on the global CEX.Mar 2022$CARGO staking. Creating Cardano Gold Utility NFTs.Cardano Gold Roadmap 2022 Progress Bar Cardano Wallets You Can Use To Buy/ Manage Cardano Gold $CARGOThese are the Cardano native wallets you can use to manage Cardano Gold $CARGO and our NFTs and other Cardano native assets and non-fungible tokens. In addition, some of them provide hardware wallet integration with Ledger and Trezor.CCVaultCCVault is a Cardano web wallet and the browser extension wallet. It is able to interact with the Cardano DApps and you can use it to buy Cardano Gold CARGO on SundaeSwap. We advice you to install the browser extension.And this is the CCvault website link.Get CCvault WalletNami WalletNami Wallet is a very popular Cardano browser extension wallet.It was the first to enable the connection with the Cardano DApps and you can use it to to buy Cardano Gold CARGO on SundaeSwap.Get Nami WalletGeroWalletGeroWallet is another light Cardano native browser extension wallet which made a good progress following their roadmap. It is a browser extension wallet.It is able to interact with the Cardano DApps and you can use it to buy Cardano Gold CARGO on SundaeSwap.Get GeroWalletYoroi WalletYoroi is native Cardano wallet that can be used as a browser extension (desktop) or a mobile wallet (Android, iOS). The product of Emurgo. It can’t be used yet to connect to Cardano DApps and buy Cardano tokens. Get Yoroi Wallet Daedalues WalletDaedalus is a full node Cardano desktop wallet created by the IOHK team of developers.It can’t be used to connect to Cardano DApps and buy Cardano tokens. Since copying the whole Cardano blockchain it will take you an hour once installed to sync and start using it.

Turn on screen reader support

-/
?
?Cardano is a blockchain platform for changemakers, innovators, and visionaries, with the tools and technologies required to create possibility for the many, as well as the few, and bring about positive global change.Cardano is a proof-of-stake blockchain platform: the first to be founded on peer-reviewed research and developed through evidence-based methods. It combines pioneering technologies to provide unparalleled security and sustainability to decentralized applications, systems, and societies.With a leading team of engineers, Cardano exists to redistribute power from unaccountable structures to the margins – to individuals – and be an enabling force for positive change and progress.Cardano restores trust to global systems – creating, through science, a more secure, transparent, and sustainable foundation for individuals to transact and exchange, systems to govern, and enterprises to grow.Proof-Of-Stake And Ouroboros: The Most Environmentally Sustainable Blockchain ProtocolOuroboros is the first peer-reviewed, verifiably secure blockchain protocol, and Cardano is the first blockchain to implement it. Ouroboros enables the Cardano network’s decentralization, and allows it to sustainably scale to global requirements without, crucially, compromising security.The protocol is the culmination of tireless effort, building on foundational research, and is propelled by a vision for more secure and transparent global payment systems, and a means to redistribute, more fairly, power and control.The Blockchain Revolution Started With Bitcoin.It Continues Now With Ouroboros:A proof-of-stake protocol that provides and improves the security guarantees of proof-of-work at a fraction of the energy cost. Ouroboros applies cryptography, combinatorics, and mathematical game theory to guarantee the protocol’s integrity, longevity, and performance, and that of the distributed networks that depend upon it.

What Is OuroborosHighly Scalable And Sustainably Secure, Ouroboros Is The Foundation Of Cardano And Of A Blockchain-Built FutureOuroboros is the first provably secure proof-of-stake protocol, and the first blockchain protocol to be based on peer-reviewed research. Ouroboros combines unique technology and mathematically-verified mechanisms - which, in turn, combine behavioral psychology and economic philosophy - to ensure the security and sustainability of the blockchains that depend upon it. The result is a protocol with proven security guarantees able to facilitate the propagation of global, permissionless networks with minimal energy requirements - of which Cardano is the first.At the heart of Ouroboros is the concept of infinity. Global networks must be able to grow sustainably and ethically: to provide greater opportunities to the world while also preserving it. This becomes possible with Ouroboros.Ouroboros facilitates the creation and fruition of distributed, permissionless networks capable of sustainably supporting new markets.Working together, we achieve more for the many.Cardano is built by a decentralized community of scientists, engineers, and thought leaders united in a common purpose: to create a technology platform that will ignite the positive change the world needs. We believe the future should not be defined by the past, and that more is possible - and, through technology, can be made possible for all. We measure the worth of a task not by its challenge, but by its results.Every ada holder also holds a stake in the Cardano network. Ada stored in a wallet can be delegated to a stake pool to earn rewards – to participate in the successful running of the network – or pledged to a stake pool to increase the pool’s likelihood of receiving rewards. In time, ada will also be usable for a variety of applications and services on the Cardano platform.A platform built for a sustainable future, to help people work better together, trust one another, and build global solutions to global problemsCardano is a fork in the road. It takes us from where we’ve been to where we’re destined to go: a global society that is secure, transparent, and fair, and which serves the many as well as the few. Like the technological revolutions that have come before, it offers a new template for how we work, interact, and create, as individuals, businesses, and societies.Cardano began with a vision of a world without intermediaries, in which power is not controlled by an accountable few, but by the empowered many. In this world, individuals have control over their data and how they interact and transact. Businesses have the opportunity to grow independent of monopolistic and bureaucratic power structures. Societies are able to pursue true democracy: self-governing, fair, and accountable. It is a world made possible by Cardano.Cardano brings a new standard in technology - open and inclusive – to challenge the old and activate a new age of sustainable, globally-distributed innovation.From the incremental to global, Cardano improves how we interact, transact, and create - and ultimately operate as a global society.Cardano is a blockchain platform built on the groundbreaking Ouroboros proof-of-stake consensus protocol, and developed using the Haskell programming language: a functional programming language that enables Cardano to pursue evidence-based development, for unparalleled security and stability.Our technology is underpinned by research. We have redefined what it means to create a global software platform through scientific methods. We have not compromised on our belief, or in our approach. To build a better future - secure, sustainable, and governable by the many - we have taken the road less traveled. The result of our efforts is a blockchain platform unparalleled in its capability and performance, and which is truly able to support global applications, systems, and real-life business use cases.Cardano began with and has grown through research. Before any technology we integrate is developed, it is specified. And before it is specified, it is researched. That research is peer-reviewed - a unique achievement for a blockchain platform - so that our ideas may be challenged before they are validated.To build a lasting future, we’ve ensured the durability and stability of every building blockOur research - led by leading academics - explores philosophy, sociology, behavior, and game theory. To achieve each outcome, we consider the minutiae of possibilities: the variables that often go unconsidered, but which may ultimately impact the integrity and sustainability of a global, decentralized platform. We take nothing for granted.Cardano is a blockchain platform for changemakers, innovators, and visionaries, with the tools and technologies required to create possibility for the many, as well as the few, and bring about positive global change.Cardano is a proof-of-stake blockchain platform: the first to be founded on peer-reviewed research and developed through evidence-based methods. It combines pioneering technologies to provide unparalleled security and sustainability to decentralized applications, systems, and societies.With a leading team of engineers, Cardano exists to redistribute power from unaccountable structures to the margins – to individuals – and be an enabling force for positive change and progress.Cardano restores trust to global systems – creating, through science, a more secure, transparent, and sustainable foundation for individuals to transact and exchange, systems to govern, and enterprises to grow.Proof-Of-Stake And Ouroboros: The Most Environmentally Sustainable Blockchain ProtocolOuroboros is the first peer-reviewed, verifiably secure blockchain protocol, and Cardano is the first blockchain to implement it. Ouroboros enables the Cardano network’s decentralization, and allows it to sustainably scale to global requirements without, crucially, compromising security.The protocol is the culmination of tireless effort, building on foundational research, and is propelled by a vision for more secure and transparent global payment systems, and a means to redistribute, more fairly, power and control.The Blockchain Revolution Started With Bitcoin.It Continues Now With Ouroboros:A proof-of-stake protocol that provides and improves the security guarantees of proof-of-work at a fraction of the energy cost. Ouroboros applies cryptography, combinatorics, and mathematical game theory to guarantee the protocol’s integrity, longevity, and performance, and that of the distributed networks that depend upon it.What Is OuroborosHighly Scalable And Sustainably Secure, Ouroboros Is The Foundation Of Cardano And Of A Blockchain-Built FutureOuroboros is the first provably secure proof-of-stake protocol, and the first blockchain protocol to be based on peer-reviewed research. Ouroboros combines unique technology and mathematically-verified mechanisms - which, in turn, combine behavioral psychology and economic philosophy - to ensure the security and sustainability of the blockchains that depend upon it. The result is a protocol with proven security guarantees able to facilitate the propagation of global, permissionless networks with minimal energy requirements - of which Cardano is the first.At the heart of Ouroboros is the concept of infinity. Global networks must be able to grow sustainably and ethically: to provide greater opportunities to the world while also preserving it. This becomes possible with Ouroboros.Ouroboros facilitates the creation and fruition of distributed, permissionless networks capable of sustainably supporting new markets.Working together, we achieve more for the many.Cardano is built by a decentralized community of scientists, engineers, and thought leaders united in a common purpose: to create a technology platform that will ignite the positive change the world needs. We believe the future should not be defined by the past, and that more is possible - and, through technology, can be made possible for all. We measure the worth of a task not by its challenge, but by its results.Every ada holder also holds a stake in the Cardano network. Ada stored in a wallet can be delegated to a stake pool to earn rewards – to participate in the successful running of the network – or pledged to a stake pool to increase the pool’s likelihood of receiving rewards. In time, ada will also be usable for a variety of applications and services on the Cardano platform.A platform built for a sustainable future, to help people work better together, trust one another, and build global solutions to global problemsCardano is a fork in the road. It takes us from where we’ve been to where we’re destined to go: a global society that is secure, transparent, and fair, and which serves the many as well as the few. Like the technological revolutions that have come before, it offers a new template for how we work, interact, and create, as individuals, businesses, and societies.Cardano began with a vision of a world without intermediaries, in which power is not controlled by an accountable few, but by the empowered many. In this world, individuals have control over their data and how they interact and transact. Businesses have the opportunity to grow independent of monopolistic and bureaucratic power structures. Societies are able to pursue true democracy: self-governing, fair, and accountable. It is a world made possible by Cardano.Cardano brings a new standard in technology - open and inclusive – to challenge the old and activate a new age of sustainable, globally-distributed innovation.From the incremental to global, Cardano improves how we interact, transact, and create - and ultimately operate as a global society.Cardano is a blockchain platform built on the groundbreaking Ouroboros proof-of-stake consensus protocol, and developed using the Haskell programming language: a functional programming language that enables Cardano to pursue evidence-based development, for unparalleled security and stability.Our technology is underpinned by research. We have redefined what it means to create a global software platform through scientific methods. We have not compromised on our belief, or in our approach. To build a better future - secure, sustainable, and governable by the many - we have taken the road less traveled. The result of our efforts is a blockchain platform unparalleled in its capability and performance, and which is truly able to support global applications, systems, and real-life business use cases.Cardano began with and has grown through research. Before any technology we integrate is developed, it is specified. And before it is specified, it is researched. That research is peer-reviewed - a unique achievement for a blockchain platform - so that our ideas may be challenged before they are validated.To build a lasting future, we’ve ensured the durability and stability of every building blockOur research - led by leading academics - explores philosophy, sociology, behavior, and game theory. To achieve each outcome, we consider the minutiae of possibilities: the variables that often go unconsidered, but which may ultimately impact the integrity and sustainability of a global, decentralized platform. We take nothing for granted.

Bitcoin when used on a mobile device allows you to pay with a simple two-step scan-and-pay. There's no need to sign up, swipe your card, type a PIN, or sign anything. All you need to receive Bitcoin payments is to display the QR code in your Bitcoin wallet app and let the other party scan your mobile, or touch the two phones together (using NFC radio technology).Bitcoin transactions are secured by mathematics and energy. Cryptographic signatures prevent other people from spending your money. Energy spent by proof of work (PoW) prevents other people from undoing, rearranging or losing your transactions. So long as you take the required steps to protect your wallet, Bitcoin can give you control over your money and a strong level of protection against many types of fraud.Similarly to email, you don't need to ask recipients you're sending bitcoin to, to use the same software, wallets or service providers. You just need their bitcoin address and then you can transact with them anytime. The Bitcoin network is always running and never sleeps, even on weekends and holidays.Sending bitcoins across borders is as easy as sending them across the street. There are no banks to make you wait three business days, no extra fees for making an international transfer, and no special limitations on the minimum or maximum amount you can send.There is no fee to receive bitcoins, and many wallets let you control how large a fee to pay when spending. Most wallets have reasonable default fees, and higher fees can encourage faster confirmation of your transactions. Fees are unrelated to the amount transferred, so it's possible to send 100,000 bitcoins for the same fee it costs to send 1 bitcoin.With Bitcoin, there's no credit card number that malicious actors can collect in order to steal from you. In fact, it's even possible in some cases to send a payment without revealing your identity, almost like with physical money. You should, however, take note that some effort can be required to protect your privacy.There is no fee to receive bitcoins, and many wallets let you control how large a fee to pay when spending. Most wallets have reasonable default fees, and higher fees can encourage faster confirmation of your transactions. Fees are unrelated to the amount transferred, so it's possible to send 100,000 bitcoins for the same fee it costs to send 1 bitcoin.Any business that accepts credit cards or PayPal knows the problem of payments that are later reversed. Chargeback frauds result in limited market reach and increased prices, which in turn penalizes customers. Bitcoin payments are irreversible and secure, meaning that the cost of fraud is no longer pushed onto the shoulders of the merchants.Sending bitcoins across borders is as easy as sending them across the street. There are no banks to make you wait three business days, no extra fees for making an international transfer, and no special limitations on the minimum or maximum amount you can send.Accepting credit cards online typically requires extensive security checks in order to comply with the PCI standard. Bitcoin still requires you to secure your wallet and your payment requests, however, you do not carry the costs and responsibilities that come with processing sensitive information from your customers like with credit card numbers.Bitcoin is an emerging market of new customers who are searching for ways to spend their bitcoins. Accepting them is a good way to get new customers and give your business some new visibility. Accepting a new payment method has often shown to be a clever practice for online businesses.Bitcoin also includes a multi-signature feature which allows bitcoins to be spent only if a subset of a group of people authorize the transaction. This can be used by a board of directors, for example, to prevent members from making expenditures without enough consent from other members, as well as to track which members permitted particular transactions.Many organizations are required to produce accounting documents about their activity. Using Bitcoin allows you to offer the highest level of transparency since you can provide information to verify balances and transactions through the block chain. For example, non-profit organizations can allow the public to see how much they receive in donations.The site aims to provide the information you need to understand Bitcoin and start building Bitcoin-based applications. To make the best use of this documentation, make sure you’re running a node.For technical support, we recommend Bitcoin Stack Exchange. For errors or suggestions related to this documentation, please open an issue on GitHub.This documentation would not be possible without the many contributions to the Bitcoin project over the years from core developers and other people. A very special thanks, however, goes to David Harding who in 2014 helped lead the effort to compose and bring together a significant amount of the material found here. Also, to Cornelius Schumacher for envisioning new ways to extend the developer documentation that led to this site.The basics for a new userAs a new user, you can get started with Bitcoin without understanding the technical details. Once you've installed a Bitcoin wallet on your computer or mobile phone, it will generate your first Bitcoin address and you can create more whenever you need one. You can disclose your addresses to your friends so that they can pay you or vice versa. In fact, this is pretty similar to how email works, except that Bitcoin addresses should be used only once.Balances - block chainThe block chain is a shared public ledger on which the entire Bitcoin network relies. All confirmed transactions are included in the block chain. It allows Bitcoin wallets to calculate their spendable balance so that new transactions can be verified thereby ensuring they're actually owned by the spender. The integrity and the chronological order of the block chain are enforced with cryptography.Transactions - private keysA transaction is a transfer of value between Bitcoin wallets that gets included in the block chain. Bitcoin wallets keep a secret piece of data called a private key or seed, which is used to sign transactions, providing a mathematical proof that they have come from the owner of the wallet. The signature also prevents the transaction from being altered by anybody once it has been issued. All transactions are broadcast to the network and usually begin to be confirmed within 10-20 minutes, through a process called mining.Processing - Mining is a distributed consensus system that is used to confirm pending transactions by including them in the block chain. It enforces a chronological order in the block chain, protects the neutrality of the network, and allows different computers to agree on the state of the system. To be confirmed, transactions must be packed in a block that fits very strict cryptographic rules that will be verified by the network. These rules prevent previous blocks from being modified because doing so would invalidate all the subsequent blocks. Mining also creates the equivalent of a competitive lottery that prevents any individual from easily adding new blocks consecutively to the block chain. In this way, no group or individuals can control what is included in the block chain or replace parts of the block chain to roll back their own spends.Going down the rabbit holeThis is just a short summary of Bitcoin. If you want to learn more of the details, you can read the original paper that describes its design, the developer documentation, or explore the Bitcoin wiki.Abstract. A purely peer-to-peer version of electronic cash would allow online payments to be sent directly from one party to another without going through a financial institution. Digital signatures provide part of the solution, but the main benefits are lost if a trusted third party is still required to prevent double-spending. We propose a solution to the double-spending problem using a peer-to-peer network. The network timestamps transactions by hashing them into an ongoing chain of hash-based proof-of-work, forming a record that cannot be changed without redoing the proof-of-work. The longest chain not only serves as proof of the sequence of events witnessed, but proof that it came from the largest pool of CPU power. As long as a majority of CPU power is controlled by nodes that are not cooperating to attack the network, they'll generate the longest chain and outpace attackers. The network itself requires minimal structure. Messages are broadcast on a best effort basis, and nodes can leave and rejoin the network at will, accepting the longest proof-of-work chain as proof of what happened while they were gone. 1. Introduction Commerce on the Internet has come to rely almost exclusively on financial institutions serving as trusted third parties to process electronic payments. While the system works well enough for most transactions, it still suffers from the inherent weaknesses of the trust based model. Completely non-reversible transactions are not really possible, since financial institutions cannot avoid mediating disputes. The cost of mediation increases transaction costs, limiting the minimum practical transaction size and cutting off the possibility for small casual transactions, and there is a broader cost in the loss of ability to make non-reversible payments for nonreversible services. With the possibility of reversal, the need for trust spreads. Merchants must be wary of their customers, hassling them for more information than they would otherwise need. A certain percentage of fraud is accepted as unavoidable. These costs and payment uncertainties can be avoided in person by using physical currency, but no mechanism exists to make payments over a communications channel without a trusted party. What is needed is an electronic payment system based on cryptographic proof instead of trust, allowing any two willing parties to transact directly with each other without the need for a trusted third party. Transactions that are computationally impractical to reverse would protect sellers from fraud, and routine escrow mechanisms could easily be implemented to protect buyers. In this paper, we propose a solution to the double-spending problem using a peer-to-peer distributed timestamp server to generate computational proof of the chronological order of transactions. The system is secure as long as honest nodes collectively control more CPU power than any cooperating group of attacker nodes. 1